1.Prehistory (3.500 B.C.-2nd. century B.C.)

There are no findings regarding populations in this area during the Paleolithic age, nevertheless nomad tribes crossed undoubtedly the area at that time. The valleys in the Pyrenees where inhabitated at a later time. The prehistoric glacial period delayed the population of the area.
During the period known as Neolithic (3.500 B.C.-2.000 B.C.) small groups of people lived by the Valira river, mainly at "Sant Julià de Lòria". Some other groups dwelled caves placed at "Cim de Pal", "Roc de Llunsí", "Massana" and "Arinsal". During the year 1.959, was found the oldest skeleton of Andorra. It was a woman that lived about 4000 years ago, and found at the "Balma de la Margineda", where they also found arrow tips, flinstone industry, bone tools, ceramic fragments, etc.
During this period, we can affirm the existence of the first stabilization of the population, that adopt the particular characteristics that will identify in the future as the genuine "andorrans", the "Andosins".
The Andorra dwellers at the time, passed from a depredation economy to a steady and constructive one, building hamlets at the foot of "Serra d'Enclar", "Roureda del Cedre" and others, receiving from the passing by travellers, the "Bronze-culture" (taking advantage of all the metals found in "Arinsal").
On the other hand, there is the evidence of progress in the Megalithic industry, as shown by some dolmens ("Encamp"), cave paintings as the "Roca de les Bruixes", "Prats", "Ordino" and "Massana". They spoke an Iberic dialect (Basque-type), that is still present at the toponymy of the zone (Andorra, "Ordino", "Canillo", "Arinsal", "Erts", "Certers", etc.). We know that the primitive Andorrans adore the forces of nature, the forests, the lakes, etc. From this time they found as well "16" Iberic coins at "Sant Julià de Lòria".

2.Ancient Age (2nd century B.C. till 7th century A.D.)
Centuries passed away. At 220 B.C. Romans and Carthaginians fought each other to conquer the Iberian Peninsula. Polybius, the greek historian, refers to the Roman expedition of Hannibal, that went through the Pyrenees (219 B.C.-218 B.C.):

"After he made all preparations during the winter, and once he had guaranteed the absolute security of Africa and Spain, and when the day arrived, he advanced his army with 90.000 infantry-men and 12.000 cavalry-men. (...) He passed and crossed the "Segre" river, submitted the tribes of "Ilergetes", "Bargusis", "Arenosis" and "Andosins" till he arrived to the Pyrenees, having many battles and a great deal of losses in his army ..."

But Hannibal failed and Rome strengthen its Empire. The Roman influence is evident in Law, language origin, coins of the period and toponimic names as "Escaldes", "La Massana", "Encamp", "Incles", "Sispony", "Tristaina", "Valira", "Runer", etc. Regarding the language, this was originally at the "Valleys" probably a conjunction "Basque Iberic", as shows the "Andorran toponymy", with some "basque" evidences. The agricultural improvements that came from outside, make a great deal of benefit, in the archaic mountain crops.
During 414 A.D. barbarian Visigoths took "Narbone" and passed to "Hispania". Andorra, was dependant of Visigoths Monarchs as said in the "Manual Digest".

3.Middle Age (700 A.D.-1.1512 A.D.)

Three hundred years later, the Visigoths were eliminated by other invaders, the "Muslims". The take over of the Muslims getting into Andorra, through the Segre valley, was absolutely minimal, at least in a direct way, and the real evidences are the minute remnants of Arab population used the Valleys of Andorra as a shortcut to reach Toulouse, Narbonne, Carcassone and Nimes.
The famous battle of Poitiers, where Carles Martell defeated Arabs, and that of "Roncesvalles" marked the end of those expeditions to the other part of the Pyrenees (732 A.D.-778 A.D.).
Andorra, is considered to be founded by the Emperor Charlemagne. As tradition says, five thousand andorrans, conducted by Marc Almugàver, appeared at the "Vall de Carol" to help the army of Charlemagne, located at "Pimorent" and "Campcardòs" in order to fight Muslims. The emperor thankful to the Andorran army gave his protection to Andorra and declare it as "Sovereign People" (788 A.D.).